Tag: HRANA

Day 49 of the Protests: “Unidentified Bodies” and the Continued Judicial Case-Building

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Freedom of Expression, News
Abdolsahab Jafarzadeh, Ali Hatami, Ali Namizadeh, Ehsan Hosseinipour, Erfan Amiri, Hassan Mohammadi, HRANA, iran protests, Matin Mohammadi, Mehdi Namizadeh, Meysam Dehvari, Mohammad Seraj, Nabi Zamani, Saeed Kalaher, Saeed Kalhor, Yaser Azadeh, Younes Nasseri, Yousef Azadkhani

HRANA – According to HRANA’s latest aggregated data through the end of the forty-ninth day since the beginning of the protests, the total number of confirmed fatalities has reached 7,010. Based on these figures, 6,506 of those killed have been recorded in the category of “protesters,” while 224 are listed under “children under 18 years of age.” In addition, 214 members of the military-government forces and 66 “non-military, non-protesters” have been reported killed. Another 11,744 cases remain under review.

During the same period, the number of injured civilians has been recorded at 25,845; total arrests at 53,845 cases; student arrests at 141 cases; forced confessions at 355 cases; and summonses at 11,052 cases. A total of 676 protest-related incidents have been documented across 210 cities in 31 provinces.

Today’s key developments include the following: the continuation of scattered arrests in various cities, with a noticeable focus on teenagers and school students; the ongoing process of judicial case-building and legal proceedings against detainees; the echo of anti-government nighttime slogans in several cities; and, at the same time, the intensification of political and diplomatic pressure by Canada in the form of sanctions related to repression and human rights violations.

Unidentified Bodies; Official Account of “Unidentified Victims”

Mohammad Seraj, a Member of Parliament and member of the Social Commission, stated in remarks that received widespread attention that a number of the bodies of those killed during the protests remain unidentified. He attributed the failure to identify these bodies to “families not coming forward” as well as the “absence of identification documents accompanying the bodies,” adding that in some cases “no one has come to claim these bodies, nor were there identification documents with them.”

These statements, alongside other reports about ambiguity surrounding the identity and fate of some of the victims, once again highlight the government’s lack of transparency in the process of recording, informing the public about, and ensuring accountability for those killed, as well as the pressure placed on victims’ families to keep the matter quiet.

Tehran Revolutionary Court; Trial of Three Detainees on Serious Charges

As part of the ongoing judicial prosecution of detainees, the Judiciary’s Media Center announced that a court session had been held at the Tehran Revolutionary Court to examine the charges against three detained protesters. According to the report, Ehsan Hosseinipour Hessarloo, Matin Mohammadi, and Erfan Amiri were tried in this case.

The charges brought against the three include “involvement in setting fire to a mosque” as well as responsibility for the “death of two individuals in Pakdasht.” These serious allegations have been raised amid numerous reports in many protest-related cases concerning defendants’ limited access to legal counsel, interrogation pressures, and reliance on confessions obtained under unclear circumstances. Such issues further complicate any impartial assessment of the judicial process and underscore the need for transparency regarding the evidence, the course of proceedings, and the defendants’ right to defense.

Nighttime Slogans in Several Cities; Continuation of Scattered Protests

Amid the ongoing security crackdown, reports and videos have circulated of anti-government slogans being heard in several cities and neighborhoods. According to published footage, in cities including Karaj and Babol, the sound of nighttime slogans chanted by residents could be heard in certain areas.

Additionally, reports have emerged of anti-government slogans being heard in parts of Tehran, including the Chitgar area, and videos from Kermanshah have also been shared on social media.

In recent weeks, such nighttime slogans have become more prominent as one of the forms of continued protest under conditions of intensified security presence and increasing arrests.

Canada’s Sanctions Against Seven Officials Linked to the Iranian Government for Human Rights Repression

In the sphere of international responses, Canada announced the imposition of additional sanctions against seven individuals affiliated with the Iranian government, stating that its regional policy is focused on the issue of human rights repression. Within this framework, Canadian officials have also emphasized the continuation of a pressure-based and restrictive approach toward actors and institutions linked to the crackdown.

According to published information, Canada has so far placed 222 Iranian individuals and 256 Iranian entities on its sanctions list. These sanctions, alongside other measures, indicate that the suppression of protests and its human rights consequences play a significant role in diplomatic relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Arrests and Crackdowns Continue; Focus on Teenagers, Students, and Provincial Detentions

On the forty-ninth day, HRANA’s reports indicate the continuation of arrests across several cities and provinces. A significant portion of these detentions involve teenagers and school students, and in some cases have been accompanied by transfers to juvenile detention centers and subsequent release on bail.

In Ilam Province, eight citizens, Mehdi Namizadeh, Ali Namizadeh, Younes Nasseri, Yousef Azadkhani, Ali Hatami, Hassan Mohammadi, Nabi Zamani, and Abdolsahab Jafarzadeh, were arrested in recent days by security forces. In Kurdistan Province, Milad Ebrahimi was arrested in Kamyaran. As of the time of this report, no further details have been published regarding the reasons for their arrests, their place of detention, or the charges against them, contributing to ongoing uncertainty about their legal and security status.

In a separate report, eight additional citizens were arrested in various cities, six of whom were identified as teenagers or school students. Among them are 17-year-old student Saeed Kalhor, along with Meysam Dehvari and Yaser Azadeh. Three other teenagers, Amirhossein Darabi, Sarina Rezaei, and Mobina Ashouri, were also listed among the detainees. The report further refers to the arrest of two university students, Mehran Khani and Arian Hosseini. These arrests reportedly took place in the cities of Neyshabur, Qazvin, Isfahan, Bijar, Saravan, and Tehran—demonstrating that detentions continue in a multi-centered and dispersed pattern across different parts of the country.

Within the same set of developments, two other teenagers who had previously been detained were released on bail. Meysam Damandan, a 17-year-old, and Farhan Pasaj, a 15-year-old, were released from the Yazd Juvenile Correction and Rehabilitation Center after posting bail. The explicit reference to the transfer of minors to juvenile correctional facilities once again highlights the security-judicial approach toward individuals under 18 and its psychological and legal implications, particularly as HRANA’s aggregated data show a rising number of child fatalities, now reaching 224.

Meanwhile, official media outlets reported the arrest of a teenager in Talesh and “several individuals” in Golestan Province in connection with the protests. At the same time, a video containing forced confessions by two individuals was published, though the circumstances of the recording and how the statements were obtained remain unclear. The absence of details regarding the exact number of detainees in Golestan, their identities, the arresting authority, and their place of detention reflects a recurring pattern in official reporting on security crackdowns, often accompanied by the release of promotional content or televised-media confessions, limiting the possibility of independent verification.

Overall, the arrests on the forty-ninth day point to several notable features: first, the continuation of scattered arrests across various provinces without clear explanations regarding charges or judicial procedures; second, the significant proportion of individuals under 18 among those detained; and third, the continued use of psychological and media tools, such as the publication of forced confessions, alongside detention in undisclosed conditions. Taken together, these trends indicate that the security response to the protests extends beyond the streets, encompassing a wide range of judicial, security, and media measures.

Updated (Cumulative) Statistics Through the End of Day 49 Since the Start of the Protests

• Total protest locations recorded: 676

• Total number of cities (without repetition): 210

• Total number of provinces (without repetition): 31

Fatalities

• Total protesters killed: 6,506

▪️ Including children: 224
▪️ Military/government forces: 214
▪️ Non-military, non-protesters: 66

• Total fatalities: 7,010

• Cases under review: 11,744

• Other Statistics

• Injured civilians: 25,845

• Total arrests: 53,845

• Student arrests: 141

• Forced confessions: 355

• Summonses: 11,052

Summary

The forty-ninth day passed with arrests continuing across various cities and provinces. The notable presence of teenagers and school students among those detained was one of the concerning indicators of the day. At the same time, the process of judicial case-building continued with the trial of three detainees at the Tehran Revolutionary Court and the filing of serious charges against them.

Meanwhile, nighttime slogans in several cities demonstrated that despite intensified security pressure, lower-risk forms of protest remain ongoing. On the international level, Canada’s new sanctions against individuals linked to the government aligned with broader reactions centered on the “repression and human rights violations” associated with the protests.

Day 48 of the Protests: Ongoing Arrests, UN Warning, and Rising Number of Forced Confessions

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Freedom of Expression, News
Azar Mansouri, Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, HRANA, Javad Emam, Mahsa Amini, Mojgan Eftekhari

HRANA – According to HRANA’s latest aggregated data as of the end of the forty-eighth day since the beginning of the protests, the total number of confirmed fatalities has reached 7,008. Of these, 6,509 have been recorded under the category of “protesters,” including 219 children under the age of 18. In addition, 214 of those killed fall under the category of “military-government forces,” and 66 have been classified as “non-military, non-protesters.” Another 11,730 cases remain under review. During the same period, the number of injured civilians has reached 25,845.

A total of 53,344 arrests have been recorded, of which 139 involve students. The number of published forced confessions has risen to 351 cases, and the number of summonses has reached 11,051. Furthermore, a total of 676 protest incidents have been recorded across 210 cities in 31 provinces throughout the country.

On this day, four key incidents are noteworthy: the continuation of scattered arrests in various cities, growing legal concerns over violations of fair trial standards, reactions by domestic legal bodies to the situation of detainees, and the continued broadcast of forced confessions in state media.

Continuation of Legal Concerns; Warning by the UN Special Rapporteur

Mai Sato, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran, warned that patterns of fair trial violations, sustained pressure on detainees, and the continued use of forced confessions have persisted in the aftermath of the protests. She stressed that reliable and comprehensive data remain unavailable regarding the number of detainees, their places of detention, those sentenced to death, and those executed, noting a considerable discrepancy between official figures and estimates provided by civil society organizations.

She further explained that in the weeks preceding and following the protests, formal communications were exchanged concerning death sentences issued against several protesters, as well as conditions in prisons including Qarchak, Ghezel Hesar, Sheyban, and Lakan Rasht. Allegations raised in these communications include deaths in custody, torture, executions carried out without prior notice, and the denial of detainees’ contact with their families.

Call by the Tehran Bar Association to Defend Detainees

In response to the widespread arrests, the Tehran Bar Association issued a public call urging all lawyers with experience in criminal law to declare their readiness to represent those detained in connection with the protests. The statement highlighted the conflict between Note to Article 48 of the Criminal Procedure Code and Article 35 of the Constitution, emphasizing the necessity of safeguarding the right to defense and upholding the principles of a fair trial.

This initiative comes amid the registration of 53,344 arrests, at a time when many detainees have faced serious restrictions in accessing a lawyer of their choice, and judicial proceedings in numerous cases have remained stalled at the preliminary investigation stage.

Message of Solidarity from Mahsa Amini’s Mother to the Families of the Victims

Mojgan Eftekhari, the mother of Mahsa (Jina) Amini, issued a message referring to the continued deaths of protesters, stating that the grief of families has been renewed. Expressing solidarity with the mothers and families of those killed, she emphasized that the loss of young protesters has left a lasting wound on society.

Eutelsat’s Statement on Satellite Internet

Satellite company Eutelsat announced that it is reviewing projects aimed at enabling direct connections between smartphones and satellite internet. The company’s CEO, referring to the situation in Iran, stated that the company would support the Iranian people protesting. These remarks come amid repeated reports of widespread internet shutdowns and disruptions during the protests.

Judicial Cases Filed and Conditional Release of Reformist Activists

As part of ongoing security measures against political activists, judicial cases have been opened against Azar Mansouri, Javad Emam, and Ali Shakouri-Rad. Azar Mansouri, Javad Emam, and Ebrahim Asgharzadeh were released on bail following their arrests; however, their cases remain under review at the preliminary investigation stage. These arrests reportedly followed their public comments regarding the crackdown on the January 8 and 9 protests, 2026.

Arrests and Crackdowns Continue

In recent days, arrests of citizens have continued across various parts of the country. In Ahvaz, 15-year-old Emad Hamidi was arrested. In Tehran, Rasoul Dowrehgard, 24, and Saman Dowrehgard, 20, two brothers residing in the Atabak neighborhood, were detained. In Malekshahi, Ilam Province, Reza Parak was arrested, and in Sanandaj, Jamal Asadi was taken into custody.

In Sabzevar, Navid Safa, Seyed Hadi Zorqani, Ali Akbar Rezaei, and Mehdi Sadidi were arrested by security forces. In Mashhad, Ali Gholami Khesht; in Quchan, Farzaneh Ramezani; and in Dashtestan, Abbas Saqafi were detained.

In Kohgiluyeh, teacher Sina Karimi Mofrad, and in Langarud, Sajjad Rafiei Pour were arrested. Official media also reported the detention of four citizens in Shahroud and several protesters in Kazerun. At the same time, a video containing the forced confessions of three individuals was published, without any explanation regarding the circumstances under which the recordings were obtained.

With these latest cases, the number of published forced confessions has risen to 351, and the number of arrested students has increased to 139.

Updated (Cumulative) Statistics as of the End of Day 48 Since the Start of the Protests

• Total protest locations recorded: 676

• Number of cities (without repetition): 210

• Number of provinces (without repetition): 31

• Injured civilians: 25,845

• Total arrests: 53,344

• Arrested students: 139

• Forced confessions: 351

• Summonses: 11,051

• Total protesters killed: 6,509

▪️ Including children: 219
▪️ Military/government forces: 214
▪️ Non-military, non-protesters: 66

• Total fatalities: 7,008

• Cases under review: 11,730

It should be noted that the confirmed figures for those killed represent the minimum verifiable numbers, while estimates suggest significantly higher death tolls.

Summary

The forty-eighth day concluded amid a rising death toll and increasing arrests, alongside mounting concerns over widespread violations of fair trial standards and the continued publication of forced confessions. Arrests of minors, teachers, political activists, and citizens across various cities have continued, while at the legal level, efforts have begun to strengthen access to independent legal counsel. Internationally, warnings persist regarding prison conditions and the lack of statistical transparency. Protests have been recorded in 210 cities across 31 provinces, with security-driven measures continuing to cast a shadow over the country’s atmosphere.

At Least Three Citizens, Including a Minor, Arrested in Connection with Protests

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Freedom of Expression, News
HRANA, irgc

HRANA – Sara Kavandi in Karaj, Abbas Nio (Bajizehi) in Azadshahr, and Kian Gheysarbeygi, a student in Ilam, have been arrested in connection with the nationwide protests.

Based on information received by HRANA, Ms. Kavandi was arrested on Friday, January 9, 2026, during the Karaj protests at her private residence. At the same time, her home was searched and a number of her personal belongings were confiscated by officers. It is worth noting that the arrests of her sister and brother-in-law had previously been reported.

Haal Vsh also reported the arrest of a minor in Azadshahr. He has been identified as Abbas Nio (Bajizahi), 16 years old, son of Khodanzar, originally from Zahedan and a resident of Azadshahr County in Golestan Province. According to the report, the minor was arrested by IRGC Intelligence agents on January 10, 2026, and is being held at the Juvenile Correction and Rehabilitation Center of Gorgan.

Meanwhile, the United Students Channel announced that Kian Gheysarbeygi, a 19-year-old civil engineering student at Islamic Azad University of Ilam and originally from Sarableh, was arrested by security forces of the Islamic Republic on February 10, 2026.

At the time of this report, no information has been obtained regarding the whereabouts or charges brought against two of these citizens.

It is worth noting that gatherings and strikes by shopkeepers and market traders began on Sunday, December 28, 2025, in Tehran. After two days, the protests expanded beyond markets and commercial centers. With the participation of students, citizens, and various social groups, these demonstrations became one of the most widespread protests in recent years. Following the crackdown by law enforcement and security forces, thousands were killed or injured, and tens of thousands were arrested or summoned by security institutions. For more information, readers may refer to HRANA’s detailed report published last night on the forty-seventh day since the beginning of the protests.

Nationwide Protests: Report on the Arrest of 3 Citizens in Various Cities

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Freedom of Expression, News
Arman Momeni, Esfarayen, Hamid Roudsarabi, HRANA, IRGC Intelligence, Mohammad Azari, Sabzevar, Tehran

HRANA – Three citizens, Arman (Mehdi) Momeni in Tehran, Hamid Rudsarabi in Sabzevar, and Mohammad Azari in Esfarayen, were arrested on different dates in connection with the protests and remain in detention.

He was detained near Qeytarieh Park in Tehran by agents of the IRGC Intelligence. According to a relative who spoke to HRANA, Mr. Momeni has had only one brief phone call with his family during this period, in which he stated that he was unaware of his place of detention. Despite repeated follow-ups by his family to obtain information about his whereabouts and the charges against him, no response has been received, heightening their concerns.

In another development, a citizen in Sabzevar identified as Hamid Rudsarabi, born in 1995, was arrested at his workplace by security agents on January 10, 2026.

His relatives have stated that they have no information regarding his place of detention or the charges brought against him.

On January 14, another citizen was also arrested by security forces in Esfarayen.

HRANA has identified him as Mohammad Azari, born in 1992. Two weeks after his arrest, following the completion of the interrogation process, he was transferred to Esfarayen Prison.

Day 46 of the Protests: Conditional Release with Mandatory Pledges, Arrest of Teachers, and European Parliament Session

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Freedom of Expression, News
Ali Imani Motlagh, Ali Shamaili, Amir Rahimi, Azar Mansouri, Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, Farhad Rahmani, HRANA, IRGC Intelligence, Isfahan, Masoud Kiani, Mastoureh Narimani, Sattar Zarei, Shahin-Shahr

HRANA – According to HRANA’s latest aggregated data through the end of the forty-sixth day since the beginning of the protests, the total number of confirmed deaths has reached 7,002. Of these, 6,506 individuals have been registered under the category of “protesters,” including 216 persons under the age of 18. In addition, 214 individuals affiliated with government forces and 66 “non-protesters civilians” have been reported killed. Another 11,730 cases remain under investigation.

During the same period, the number of injured civilians has been recorded at 25,022, total arrests at 52,941 cases, student arrests at 136 cases, forced confessions at 337 cases, and summonses at 11,051 cases. A total of 676 protest locations have been documented across 210 cities in 31 provinces.

On the forty-sixth day, the following key developments are noteworthy: the continuation of targeted arrests among citizens and teachers, the imposition of new conditions for the release of detainees, and international reactions to the systematic crackdown on protesters.

Conditional Release of Some Detainees Tied to Signing a Pledge to Participate in a Pro-Regime Rally

In Shahin Shahr, Isfahan, the families of at least three recently detained individuals have announced that despite the issuance and posting of bail, the release of their loved ones has been halted. According to these families, judicial authorities have made their release contingent upon signing a written pledge requiring the detainees to participate in the February 11 rally, take photos and videos of their attendance, and submit them to the relevant authorities.

Families have been informed that failure to sign this pledge or to comply with its terms would expose the individuals to the risk of re-arrest. This conditional requirement has been imposed even though bail had already been secured and the legal procedures for its submission had
been completed.

Arrest of At Least 8 Teachers in Various Cities

Amid continued security crackdowns, at least eight teachers have been arrested in connection with the protests. The names of the detained teachers are: Mastoureh Narimani in Ahvaz, Amir Rahimi in Azna, Sattar Zarei in Khomeini Shahr, Ali Shamaili in Songhor, Shervin Hamideh in Karaj, Farhad Rahmani in Takestan, Ali Imani Motlagh in Lorestan, and Masoud Kiani in Shabad.

The arrest of these teachers, alongside the reported 136 student arrests, indicates the Iranian regime’s concentrated crackdown on the education sector.

European Parliament Session on Systematic Crackdown in Iran

Today, the European Parliament held a session on “systematic repression, inhumane conditions, and arbitrary detentions” in Iran. During the session, representatives discussed the intensification of the crackdown on protests, widespread arrests, poor detention conditions, and the denial of detainees’ access to medical care and legal counsel.

In the draft resolution presented within this body, emphasis was placed on the immediate and unconditional release of political detainees and protesters, granting international bodies access to detention facilities, and holding perpetrators of serious human rights violations accountable.

Arrests and Crackdowns Continue

Arrest of Citizens in Several Provinces

In connection with the protests, Soroush Dabirmanesh and Khalil Rasouli in Bojnurd, Sajed Khabazi in Lahijan, Mehdi Haghjou (a 17-year-old student) in Langarud, and Milad Didar in Rasht were arrested by security forces.

In Dehdasht, Jamal Pourmandfar was arrested on January 10, 2026, and transferred to the city’s prison, where he remains in a state of uncertainty.

Arrest of Political and Reformist Activists

In Tehran, Mohsen Aminzadeh, a member of the Reform Front, was arrested on February 7, 2026, by IRGC Intelligence agents. His lawyer has stated that he is being held in solitary confinement and that the announced charges lack legal basis.

At the same time, Azar Mansouri, Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, Hossein Karroubi, and Ali Shokouhi-Rad have also been arrested. These arrests indicate an expansion of the crackdown to include political figures and long-standing activists.

Arrest of Labor Activists

Yaser Ahmadinejad, a labor activist and dismissed worker of the National Iranian Drilling Company, was arrested on February 5, 2026 (aligned with Europe time) and transferred to Dehdasht Prison. He had previously acted as an independent representative of workers, pursuing labor demands and criticizing oil sector management and contractors.

Pressure on the Media and Response to a Live Broadcast Incident

During the February 11 ceremony, a presenter on Hamoon Network mistakenly uttered the phrase “Death to Khamenei” during a live broadcast, which led to the broadcast being cut off. Following the incident, the network’s broadcast director was dismissed, the channel’s operator and supervisor were suspended, and other staff members were referred to a disciplinary committee.

Continuation of Judicial Threats

The First Deputy of the Judiciary announced that some protest-related cases are in the investigation phase, some have been sent to court with indictments issued, and others are at the appeals stage. He emphasized that those who have “committed rioting” will be dealt with without leniency.

Cumulative Statistics Through the End of Day 46

• Total recorded protest locations: 676

• Number of cities (without repetition): 210

• Number of provinces (without repetition): 31

• Injured civilians: 25,022

• Total arrests: 52,941

• Student arrests: 136

• Forced confessions: 337

• Summonses: 11,051

• Total protesters killed: 6,506

▪️ Including children: 216
▪️ Military/government forces: 214
▪️ Non-civilian, non-protesters: 66

• Total deaths: 7,002

• Cases under investigation: 11,730

It should be noted that the confirmed figures for fatalities represent the minimum number that can be verified, while estimates of the total number of those killed indicate significantly higher figures.

Summary

The forty-sixth day passed with arrests continuing at various levels, from school students and university students to teachers, labor activists, and political figures. Conditioning the release of some detainees in Shahin Shahr, the arrest of at least eight teachers across different cities, and the continuation of judicial proceedings accompanied by threatening rhetoric from officials were among the most notable developments of the day.

At the international level, the crackdown on protests and detention conditions has been raised in the European Parliament. Meanwhile, HRANA’s cumulative data indicate a continued rise in the number of deaths, injuries, and arrests—demonstrating that 46 days after the start of the protests, both the human and geographic scope of these events remains extensive, with their consequences continuing to accumulate.

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Day 45 the Protests: Nighttime Chants and Intensified Police Presence

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Freedom of Expression, News
Akam Zandi, Fardin Seyedeh, HRANA, IRGC Intelligence, Mohammad Hossein Khorshidvand, Mohammad Javidan, Mohammadreza Ghobadi, Sajad Mohammadi

HRANA – Based on the latest verified aggregated data from HRANA up to the end of the forty-fifth day since the start of the protests, a total of 676 protest-related incidents have been recorded. These incidents were reported in 210 cities across 31 provinces nationwide. According to these figures, the total number of confirmed fatalities stands at 6,984, of whom 6,490 are categorized as protesters.

Additionally, 215 of those killed fall under the category of children under 18. A further 214 fatalities were reported among government-affiliated forces, and 65 in the category of non-protester civilians. The number of cases under review has been reported as 11,730. During the same period, 18,022 civilian injuries, 52,623 arrests, 135 student arrests, 335 forced confessions, and 11,051 summonses were recorded.

On this day, the following key incidents are noteworthy: the continued chanting of anti-government slogans coinciding with state-organized events ahead of the anniversary of the victory of the 1979 Revolution on February 11; an intensified police atmosphere marked by the continued presence of checkpoints and armed local patrols; ongoing internet disruptions and restrictions and their economic impact; the publication of a statement by university professors protesting educational repression; and the continuation of both mass and individual arrests across multiple provinces.

Chanting of Anti-Government Slogans; Nighttime Protests Concurrent with State Ceremonies

On the forty-fifth day, numerous reports were published of anti-government slogans being chanted at night, primarily from inside private homes. These chants were reported concurrently with the holding of state-organized programs and ceremonies ahead of February 11 (the anniversary of the victory of the 1979 Revolution) and were heard simultaneously in several cities.

According to field accounts, the slogans were explicit and direct in nature, demonstrating the continuation of the nationwide protests despite the prevailing security atmosphere and widespread control measures. The repetition of this pattern on consecutive nights, particularly during symbolically significant dates on the calendar, was highlighted in reports from this day as one of the enduring forms of civil disobedience.

Continued Checkpoints and Armed Local Patrols Ahead of February 11

Reports from the forty-fifth day point to the continued and intensified presence of security forces across urban areas. According to these accounts, checkpoints remained in place on both main thoroughfares and side streets, with vehicles stopped and, in some cases, citizens subjected to body searches.

Simultaneously, the deployment of armed local patrols and combined units of law enforcement and security forces in residential neighborhoods was reported. Local sources say these measures have contributed to an atmosphere of intimidation and constant surveillance ahead of February 11. As a result, opportunities for public gatherings, collective movement, and even routine daily activities have been significantly curtailed.

Continued Internet Disruptions and Restrictions; Communication and Economic Consequences

Today, reports indicated the continued disruption and restriction of internet access. Users reported severe slowdowns, intermittent outages, and unstable connections, conditions that have not only disrupted everyday communication and information-sharing but have also had tangible economic consequences.

Online business operators, internet-based sellers, and freelancers reported sharp declines in income, forced suspension of activities, or the accumulation of ongoing losses. Overall, internet restrictions, combined with other economic pressures, were assessed in reports from this day as a key factor contributing to heightened public dissatisfaction.

Statement by University Professors; Protest Against Educational Repression and the Securitization of Universities

Today, a group of university professors issued a statement protesting educational repression and the increasing securitization of university environments. The statement emphasizes students’ right to education, the preservation of academic independence, and opposition to suspensions, expulsions, and the denial of educational access.

The signatories warned that the closure or restriction of universities constitutes part of a broader effort to suppress protests and will carry long-term educational, social, and scientific consequences.

Mass Detentions and Judicial Case-Building Against Students and Minors

On the forty-fifth day, HRANA reports indicated mass arrests and security measures in various cities. According to published information, official media reported the arrest of at least 103 citizens in connection with the protests. These arrests included 100 citizens in Ardabil, one individual in Bandar Anzali, and two citizens in Masjed Soleyman. In most of these cases, no details were provided regarding the identities of those detained, their place of detention, or the charges against them, and families were reported to be unaware of their relatives’ whereabouts.

At the same time, it was reported that at least 10 additional citizens, including a 15-year-old minor and several students, were arrested in different cities. Mohammad Hossein Khorshidvand, a 15-year-old, was arrested in Kahrizak, while Mohammad Javidan in Sirvan, Ebrahim Rostami in Kamyaran, Fardin Seyedeh in Piranshahr, and Anvar Chopani in Miandoab were detained by security forces. In Sanandaj, Akam Zandi was also arrested and transferred to an unknown location.

In the same context, Sajad Mohammadi and Mohammadreza Ghobadi, two students at Shahid Madani University of Tabriz; Sirus Satarnejad, a student at Shiraz University; and Ali Taheri-Kia, a student at the University of Tehran, were arrested.

In another series of arrests, HRANA reported the detention of five citizens in Tehran, Qazvin, Mashhad, and Isfahan. In this case, Zahra Irandoust was arrested in Tehran and later transferred to Chubindar Prison in Qazvin. Subsequently, her mother, Masoumeh Heydari, was arrested by IRGC Intelligence agents while attempting to follow up on her daughter’s case, and at the same time Mohammadreza Irandoust, another member of the family, was also arrested in Qazvin. Additionally, Reza Ghorbani Moghaddam was arrested in Mashhad, and Elaheh Shah Mirzaei was arrested in Isfahan and transferred to prison.

Further reports indicated that Afshin Hosseinpanahi and Khabat Dahdar, two residents of Sanandaj, were arrested by security forces and transferred to an unknown location. In another case, nine citizens were arrested on different dates in Tehran, Karaj, Kamyaran, and Rasht. Among them were Artin Parivash (Dolatabadi), Davoud Abbasi, a filmmaker based in Karaj, Milad Ebrahimi and Hamed Ebrahimi in Kamyaran, Yazdan Hashemi Khoshkbijari in Rasht, and Melika Kavandi and Mohammad Nosrati in Karaj. In addition, Fatemeh Golmohammadi in Karaj, Armin Sharifian, a 17-year-old minor, in Nishapur, Soroush Safari in Khoshkbijar, and Alireza Mirkhorsandi in Langarud were also arrested. In many of these cases, no clear information has been published regarding the charges, place of detention, or access to legal counsel.

Updated (Aggregated) Statistics Through the End of Day Forty-Five Since the Start of the Protests

• Total recorded protest-related incidents: 676

• Number of cities (non-duplicated): 210

• Number of provinces (non-duplicated): 31

• Civilian injuries: 18,022

• Total arrests: 52,623

• Student arrests: 135

• Forced confessions: 335

• Summonses: 11,051

• Total protesters killed: 6,490

▪️ Including children: 215
▪️ Military/government forces: 214
▪️ Non-civilian / non-protester: 65

• Total fatalities: 6,984

• Cases under review: 11,730

Summary

The forty-fifth day unfolded with the continued presence of nighttime protests, a further intensification of the police atmosphere ahead of February 11, and persistent restrictions on communication. At the same time, universities remained a central focus of security pressure and professional dissent, with the statement issued by university professors amplifying concerns over educational repression. On the ground, widespread arrests—ranging from mass detentions announced through official figures to targeted arrests of students, minors, and local citizens—underscored that a security-centered approach continues to be the authorities’ primary response to the protests. HRANA’s aggregated statistics through the end of the forty-fifth day offer a stark illustration of the scale and severity of the crackdown, highlighting the ongoing need for systematic documentation, monitoring, and follow-up.

At Least 19 Prisoners Executed on Murder and Drug-Related Charges

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Executions, News
ahvaz, Bam, Birjand, Borazjan, Chabahar, Damghan, HRANA, Ilam, Jiroft, Khaf, Lahijan, Mahabad, Malayer, Rasht, Sabzevar, Shiraz, Sirjan, Yazd

HRANA – At dawn today, Tuesday, February 9, 2026, the death sentences of at least 19 prisoners were carried out in prisons across multiple cities. These individuals had previously been sentenced to death on charges related to drug offenses and murder.

Based on information received by HRANA, Gholam Hassani was executed in Birjand Prison; Fariborz Saljoughi in Bam Prison; Mohammadkaram Jafari in Ilam Prison; Sina Maleki in Borazjan Prison; Javad Najjar in Ahvaz Prison; Morad Jahromi in Jiroft Prison; Taghi Zalpour in Mahabad Prison; Amin Torkaman in Malayer Prison; Mehrshad Alinia in Damghan Prison; Ali Bazargan in Chabahar Prison; Mojtaba Barani in Rasht Prison; Yadollah Mokhtari in Sirjan Prison; and Mahmoud Niazi in Lahijan Prison. These prisoners had previously been arrested on murder charges and sentenced to death by criminal courts.

Separately, the executions of Ayoub Soufi in Khaf Prison, Afshin Ghanbari in Yazd Prison, Rajabali Arya in Sabzevar Prison, and Parviz Pirovani in Shiraz Prison were carried out on charges related to drug offenses. At the same time, two other prisoners were executed in Yazd Prison on similar charges; their identities are currently under review by HRANA.

As of the time of this report, these executions have not been officially announced by prison authorities or relevant institutions.

According to HRA’s annual report, at least 2,063 people were executed in Iran during 2025. Based on this report, executions increased by 119% compared to 2024. In many cases, due to secrecy, prisoners were even denied the right to a final visit with their families prior to execution.

Report on the Arrest of Nine Citizens in Various Cities

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Freedom of Expression, News
Afsoon Alimoradian, Ali Sharifzadeh Ardakani, HRANA, Kamyaran, Melika Kavandi

HRANA  – Nine citizens were arrested by security forces on different dates in Tehran, Karaj, Kamyaran and Rasht.

Based on information received by HRANA, Artin Parivash (Dolatabadi) was arrested in Tehran on January 30, and transferred to an unknown location. In addition, Davoud Abbasi, a filmmaker born in 1981, was arrested in Karaj on January 10, and later transferred to Ghezel Hesar Prison.
Mr. Abbasi is facing security-related charges, and his case is under review at the Karaj Prosecutor’s Office. His arrest was carried out with violence, resulting in physical injuries, and he has been denied adequate medical care.

Meanwhile, Ali Sharifzadeh Ardakani, an attorney, told Shargh newspaper about the arrests of Afsoon Alimoradian and Vafa Salehi. Stating that the two civil activists are facing charges of propaganda against the regime and assembly and collusion, he added that Afsoon and Vafa were transferred to Tehran Greater Prison (Fashafuyeh) and Qarchak Prison (women’s prison), respectively, two facilities deemed unsuitable for political prisoners. They were able to contact their families only after 20 days.

According to Kolbar News, on the evening of February 1, security forces arrested Milad Ebrahimi at his family home in Kamyaran without presenting a judicial warrant. This arrest occurred despite the fact that he had been shot and injured during the Kamyaran protests on January 8. At the same time, his younger brother, Hamed Ebrahimi, was also arrested by security forces. No information has been obtained regarding their place of detention or the charges against them.

In another report by Kolbar News, on the evening of February 8, Melika Kavandi was arrested in Karaj by security forces based on a judicial order and delegation issued by the Bijar Public and Revolutionary Prosecutor’s Office. She was subsequently transferred to Sanandaj Central Prison. Security institutions have provided no clear explanation regarding the reasons for her arrest or the status of her case. Additionally, her husband, Mohammad Nosrati, has been under arrest since January 8. This couple had previously also faced security برخورد (measures) and arrests.

According to Hyrcani, Yazdan Hashemi Khoshkbijari, a 27-year-old resident of Khoshkbijar, was summoned by phone by the IRGC unit in Lasht-e Nesha, Rasht County, around 10 days ago. He reported to the institution and has been detained since then. Mr. Hashemi Khoshkbijari is currently being held in Lakan Prison in Rasht. No information is available regarding the charges against him.

It should be noted that gatherings and strikes by shopkeepers and bazaar merchants began in Tehran on December 28, 2022, and after two days spread beyond bazaars and commercial centers. With the participation of students, citizens, and various social groups, these protests became among the most widespread in recent years. Following the crackdown by law-enforcement and security forces, thousands were killed or injured, and tens of thousands were arrested or summoned by security bodies. For more information, readers can refer to HRANA’s detailed report published last night on the forty-fourth day since the start of the protests.

At Least 103 Citizens Arrested in Various Cities

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Freedom of Expression, News
Ardabil, Bandar Anzali County, HRANA, IRGC Intelligence, Masjed-Soleyman

HRANA  – Official media outlets have reported the arrest of one individual in Bandar Anzali, 100 citizens in Ardabil, and two individuals in Masjed Soleyman in connection with protests.

Based on this report, the arrests were carried out in connection with the protests by the IRGC Intelligence of Ardabil Province.

In another report, this media outlet, quoting the police commander of Bandar Anzali County, announced that one protester was arrested in the city. The individual was accused of involvement in the destruction of one of the chain stores and the courthouse building during recent protests in the county.

Additionally, Young Journalists Club reported the arrest of two individuals in Masjed Soleyman. According to this report, the detainees were accused of carrying out sabotage activities. It was also claimed that explosive materials and a firearm were discovered and confiscated from them.

These reports did not provide any information regarding the identities of the individuals or their place of detention.

It should be noted that gatherings and strikes by shopkeepers and bazaar merchants began in Tehran on December 28, 2022, and after two days spread beyond bazaars and commercial centers. With the participation of students, citizens, and various social groups, these protests became among the most widespread in recent years. Following the crackdown by law-enforcement and security forces, thousands were killed or injured, and tens of thousands were arrested or summoned by security bodies. For more information, readers can refer to HRANA’s detailed report published last night on the forty-fourth day since the start of the protests.

Day 44 Since the Start of the Protests: Student Gatherings, Warning from the Head of the Judiciary, and the Continuation of Arrests

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Freedom of Expression, News
Ali Shakourirad, Amin Pourfarhang, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, HRANA, Masoud Pezeshkian, Mehdi Karroubi, Mohammad Ali Saedinia, Mohseni Eje’i

HRANA – According to HRANA’s latest aggregated data from the beginning of the protests through the end of day forty-four, 676 protest-related incidents have been reported across various locations. These incidents were recorded in 210 cities across 31 provinces. Based on these figures, the total number of confirmed deaths stands at 6,964, of whom 6,473 are categorized as “protesters,” while 212 of those killed were “children under the age of 18.” In addition, 214 individuals affiliated with the government and 65 people classified as “non-protesters civilians” have been reported among the deceased. The number of cases “under review” has been announced as 11,730.

During the same period, the number of injured civilians reached 11,022; total arrests amounted to 51,790 cases; student arrests numbered 122; forced confessions totaled 331 cases; and 11,051 summonses were recorded.

On the forty-fourth day since the start of the protests, the following developments were observed: student gatherings in Mashhad and the raising of demands regarding the situation of detainees; simultaneous judicial and media pressures alongside criticism by the head of the judiciary over delays in handling cases; the denial of a highly controversial death sentence; the publication of trade union and labor statements concerning the killing and arrest of workers; and at the field level, the continuation of scattered arrests as well as mass arrests in several provinces.

Student Gathering at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Demands Regarding Arrests and Commemoration of Those Killed

At Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, a group of students gathered on campus despite the prevailing security atmosphere and announced restrictions. The gathering was reported to have taken place in front of the Faculty of Pharmacy, where students chanted slogans and demanded clarification regarding the status of their detained classmate, Amin Pourfarhang. At the same time, accounts published about the gathering referred to a commemoration and the naming of two deceased students, Parsa Safar and Mohammad Mehdi Salari.

Reports released from inside the university also state that Mohammad Hossein Nejabat (the head of the university’s Student Basij) claimed that Amin Pourfarhang’s situation would be clarified “within a maximum of three days” in coordination with the prosecutor’s office. However, as of the time this report was prepared, no official details regarding this student’s place of detention, legal status, or charges have been transparently announced.

Order by the Head of the Judiciary to Expedite Protesters’ Cases

Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, the head of the judiciary, criticized what he described as a “lack of promptness” in handling cases related to the protests. He emphasized that in cases involving detained individuals or defendants connected to the protests, the pace of proceedings is “not as expected,” and he called for the review process to be accelerated.

This order comes amid numerous reports of detainees remaining in prolonged legal limbo, repeated extensions of detention orders, lack of continuous access to legal counsel, and frequent transfers across several cities. Families have also continued to report the absence of clear and accurate information regarding the status of these cases.

Denial of Issuing a “Death Sentence” for Mohammad Hossein Hosseini; Case at Preliminary Investigation Stage

In relation to one of these cases, the judiciary denied issuing a death sentence for Mohammad Hossein Hosseini, a 26-year-old football player from Mashhad. According to a media outlet affiliated with the judiciary, claims regarding the issuance of a death sentence are “unfounded,” and his case is currently at the preliminary investigation stage.

This denial was published after claims circulated on social media and in some channels alleging that a severe sentence had been issued against the athlete. Despite the rejection of the death sentence claim, official details regarding the specific charges and the course of judicial proceedings remain limited.

Pressure on Media and Restrictions on Communications During the Protests

In the realm of digital rights and freedom of expression, Article 19 has emphasized several key points in its reports on the protests: increased pressure on media outlets and journalists, restrictions on access to the internet and platforms, and the use of control mechanisms to curb the free flow of information. Within this framework, internet shutdowns or disruptions and communication restrictions have functioned not merely as technical measures, but as part of a broader apparatus of repression, affecting the flow of information and the ability to document events.

At the same time, some reports and media analyses have pointed to the role of imported technologies and surveillance infrastructures in managing the internet and monitoring citizens, a trend that in practice can expand the authorities’ capacity to control and identify protesters.

Raising the Issue of “Equipping Security Forces with Crowd-Control Tools”

In another statement, the head of the judiciary stated during a public meeting with senior judicial officials that a review was needed regarding “how security forces confront gatherings,” and spoke of examining broader use of crowd-control tools. Within this context, some domestic media outlets reported discussions about equipping security forces with tools such as tasers and riot-control equipment as alternatives to what were described as “costly and violent methods.”

The proposal prompted critical reactions. Human rights activists and observers have stressed that such tools, if used without clear regulations and independent oversight, could themselves lead to an increase in human rights violations, particularly in light of numerous reports documenting the direct use of pellet guns and military weapons against protesters.

In this context, reports have emerged regarding the high number of eye and facial injuries during the protests, including accounts citing more than one thousand eye injuries recorded at a specialized medical center, including Farabi Hospital. In addition, numerous images and reports have circulated showing protesters being shot in the head, face, and eyes, alongside allegations of the securitization of some medical facilities, pressure on healthcare staff, and even the abduction of injured individuals from hospitals.

Statement by the Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company; “Killing and Arrest of Workers” and Demand for Immediate Release

The Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company issued a statement criticizing what it described as the “killing” and widespread arrest of protesting workers during the protests. Referring to communication restrictions and internet shutdowns, the statement says that reports have gradually emerged indicating the deaths of a number of protesting workers.

The labor union also pointed to reports concerning the mass arrest of workers in Asaluyeh, stating that workers who intended to go on strike were detained collectively and held in warehouses belonging to the same companies. Emphasizing the responsibility of security institutions for the lives of detainees, the syndicate called for the publication of the names of those killed and arrested, transparency regarding their status, families’ access to information, and the immediate and unconditional release of all detained workers and protesters across the country.

Publication of an Alleged “Apology” Letter Attributed to Mohammad Ali Saedinia; Conflicting Accounts of Pressure and Sealing of Premises

As part of the continued security confrontation with well-known figures and trade/social activists, a copy of an alleged “apology” letter attributed to Mohammad Ali Saedinia was published. The letter is addressed to the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic and to “the people,” and in it, the author uses language emphasizing “love for Iran” and the “rejection of accusations of treason” in an attempt to explain his position.

Accounts accompanying this news report state that Saedinia had previously been arrested over actions such as closing cafés in response to political calls. At the same time, reports have emerged regarding the sealing of his place of business and even discussions about the confiscation of assets or compensation through the sale of property. However, the precise legal status of his case, his place of detention, and the authenticity of the letter’s attribution remain disputed and unclear.

Arrests and Summonses of Reformist Figures

Reports concerning the arrest and summons of political figures close to the reformist camp also continued.

According to reports, Javad Emam, Secretary General of the Majma-e Isargaran, was arrested by security forces and transferred to an undisclosed location.

Hossein Karroubi, a political activist and son of Mehdi Karroubi, was also arrested; his lawyer stated that the arrest took place after he was summoned to the Media and Culture Prosecutor’s Office.

In another development, it was reported that Azar Mansouri (head of the Reformist Front), Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, and Mohsen Aminzadeh were arrested. At the same time, reports indicated that figures such as Mohammad Sadegh Javadi-Hessar and Mohammad Ali Abtahi had been summoned.

Reports also noted the arrest of Ali Shakourirad, a member of the central council of the Etemad-e Melli Party, following the release of an audio file and claims raised about “fabricating killings.”

This wave of arrests and summonses has continued amid an intensification of warning messages from judicial authorities about “speeding up case processing,” while the security atmosphere targeting political and civil activists has become increasingly pronounced.

Task Force for “Reviewing the January Incidents”; Announcement of a Government Working Group

The president, Masoud Pezeshkian, has ordered the formation of a task force to review the January incidents. According to reports, this body is set to operate under the leadership of Mohammad Reza Aref, the First Vice President, with the participation of members from the government as well as some officials from outside the administration.

The announcement of such a task force comes amid the release of differing figures regarding the death toll and the scale of the crackdown. While some official media outlets have referred to a figure of “more than several thousand killed,” HRANA’s aggregated data up to the end of day forty-four reports 6,964 confirmed deaths and 11,730 cases still under review.

Continuation of Arrests and Security Crackdowns; From Mass Arrests to the Detention of Students, Teachers, and Minors

On day forty-four, numerous reports were published of arrests, transfers to undisclosed locations, and the prolonged legal uncertainty of detainees. Reports included both individual arrests, naming those detained and their locations, and mass arrests reported in numerical terms.

1) Mass Arrests and Numerical Waves Across Several Provinces

At least 117 citizens were reportedly arrested in connection with the protests, including 31 citizens in Saman County and 86 protesters in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.

Official media also reported the arrest of at least 67 citizens in two locations: 11 citizens in Bandar Gaz and 56 protesters in Esfarayen.

These figures, alongside HRANA’s aggregated total of 51,790 arrests through the end of day forty-four, indicate that the security crackdown has not been limited to cases involving well-known figures, but has encompassed a broad segment of protesting society, from ordinary citizens to students and workers.

2) Recorded Arrests by Name, From Tehran to Miandoab

Daily reports referred to the arrest or continued legal uncertainty of a number of other citizens, including: Ahmad Taj (Tehran), Ali Shakouri-Rad (Tehran), Erfan Arabi, a student (Birjand), Amir Mohammad Sarafraz (Bojnord), Behzad Abdi (Miandoab), Saeed Alizadeh (Tehran), Ahad Mihan-Khah (Oshnavieh), Sajjad Hekmat (Abdanan), Abbas Gharagozloo, a student (Alborz Province), Diako Rajabi, a student (Zanjan), Homa Teymouri (Tehran), Mohammad Mehdi Baralak (Ilam), Ali Cheraghi (Tehran), and Ali Namizad (Ilam).

Additional details indicate that Ahmad Taj was arrested in Tehran on January 10 and is currently being held in Greater Tehran Prison, where he has been charged with “assembly and collusion.” Erfan Arabi, a 20-year-old computer engineering student at Islamic Azad University of Birjand, was arrested after being summoned to the Birjand Intelligence Office.

In a further account regarding Diako Rajabi, it was reported that he is a nutrition student at Zanjan University and was working at a café; he was arrested near Saadi Street in Zanjan after leaving his workplace. Regarding Abbas Gharagozloo, reports state that after about a month, there is still no clear official information about his place of detention or legal status.

Continuing the pressure on civil activists, it was reported that Ali Cheraghi, a teacher and children’s rights activist, was arrested on January 28 following a raid by security agents on his home in Tehran’s Punak neighborhood. According to reports, his phone and some electronic devices were confiscated, and immediately after his arrest, his Instagram page became inaccessible. His family has reportedly received no information about his whereabouts or condition.

3) Arrests of Teachers and Minors; Sonqor, Sanandaj/Saqqez, and Bandar Anzali

Several notable cases were reported today in relation to professional and age-based arrests:

Ali Shamayeli, a teacher from Sonqor, was arrested by security forces and transferred to an undisclosed location.

Keyomars Va’ezi, a teacher and labor activist living in Saqqez, was arrested by the IRGC Intelligence Organization on January 5 and transferred at dawn the following day to Dizel-Abad Prison in Kermanshah. His arrest reportedly took place at 4:00 p.m. in front of his private residence, and he remains in detention.

Saeed Hajibabaei, a 16-year-old minor, was arrested more than a month ago in Bandar Anzali and is being held in a state of uncertainty at Lakan Prison in Rasht.

Updated (Aggregated) Statistics Through the End of Day Forty-Four

• Protest-related incidents recorded on the day: 76

• Number of cities (no duplicates): 210

• Number of provinces (no duplicates): 31

• Injured civilians: 11,022

• Total arrests: 51,790

• Student arrests: 122

• Forced confessions: 331

• Summonses: 11,051

• Total protesters killed: 6,473

▪️ Including children: 212
▪️ Military/government-affiliated: 214
▪️ Non-civilian, non-protester: 65

• Total confirmed deaths: 6,964

• Cases under review: 11,730

Summary

Day forty-four concluded amid the continued, large-scale, and multi-layered pattern of arrests, ranging from mass arrests across several provinces to individual detentions identified by name, affecting political activists, students, teachers, minors, and civil society activists. At the university level, the student gathering at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad became one of the day’s focal points, highlighting demands regarding the status of Amin Pourfarhang and commemorating slain student protesters.

At the same time, on the official level, the head of the judiciary’s criticism of the “slow handling” of cases effectively signaled an intensification of the judicial approach. Within this atmosphere, the denial of a death sentence for Mohammad Hossein Hosseini illustrated how protest-related cases remain highly susceptible to the emergence of volatile and contentious narratives.

Alongside these developments, the statement issued by the Syndicate of Workers of the Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company and the discussion surrounding equipping security forces with crowd-control tools underscored that the confrontation between street-level protests and mechanisms of repression continues along two parallel tracks: escalating security and field pressure on the one hand, and growing labor, social, and civic protest and demands on the other.